Architecture

Italian barocco - bizarre, strange, presumably came from the Portuguese barroco - an irregularly shaped pearl, or from the Latin baroco - a mnemonic designation of one of the modes of the syllogism.

Gothic is a European medieval art movement that replaced the Romanesque style, and included architecture, sculpture, painting, fresco and other platforms of fine art. It was formed in France in the middle of the 12th century, spreading through England, Germany, the Czech Republic, Spain, Italy, lingering until the 16th century.

Eclecticism was a style in the 19th century, formed by a combination of different-style elements or as an arbitrary choice of stylistic design of buildings, based on free combinations of the entire arsenal of forms created by world architecture.

This movement appeared at the beginning of the twentieth century. Initially considered part of modernism.

Architecture, the principles of which are based on conceptualism. It is not the building itself that is important, but certain ideas (most often these are texts).

This architectural style first emerged in Italy in the 20th century, after the poet Filippo Tommaso Marinetti wrote the first Futurist manifesto in 1909.

Style in the architecture of late modernism, which consists in the aestheticization of the use of the latest technological advances in design. It was formed in the 70s of the twentieth century on the basis of structuralism, brutalism.

Modern (the international name is "Art Nouveau") is a historical style that emerged at the end of the 19th century; it is characterized by capricious, changeable forms, bizarre lines, the principle of asymmetry and free planning, symbolism, new technical and constructive tools for creating unusual, emphatically individualized buildings.

Postmodernism is a phenomenon and a period in the culture of the 60-80s of the XX century, which was marked by deep disappointment in the ideology of historical progress, formulated by the French enlighteners of the XVIII century and based on the idea of a rational restructuring of society and man.

Deconstructivism was a trend in the modern architecture of 1980-1990, based on the application of the ideas of the French philosopher Jacques Derrida about the possibility of architecture, which comes into conflict, "debunks" and cancels itself, manifesting its desire to reflect the contradictions of the era, declares the reduction of Euclidean geometry to a formal image. The first who sought to transform the philosophical idea of a constantly changing indefinite text into architecture, emphasizing the decentering of the human subject, was Peter Eisenmann.

The Bauhaus was an architectural school founded by Walter Gropius in the 20th century; it became an international avant-garde center. The word "Bauhaus" itself is a combination of two German words - "bau" (construction) and "haus" (house). Gropius was also the author of the famous building symbolizing the Bauhaus.

A significant part of the territory was occupied by a sandy desert. Ancient Egypt had access to both the Mediterranean and the Red Sea, which promoted trade and cultural ties and accelerated the development of the state.

Architectural modernism is a set of directions in the theory and practice of architecture of the first half of the twentieth century, based on the philosophy of rationalism and puts the expediency and usefulness of an architectural object in the foreground, looking for new forms and principles to reflect new social relations in architecture.

On this territory, there are timber and stones, which are the main building materials in the Aegean world. Brick was also used, including raw brick. Earthen solution was used as a binder. Lime mortar was used for plastering.

The highest internal development of Ancient Greece coincides with the era of Pericles, the highest external flowering - with the era of Alexander, after he created a huge state covering the territory from the Black Sea to Egypt from the Danube to the Indus. A number of Hellenistic states appeared there; in them, the features of Greek cultural achievements were combined with features of eastern centralized despotism. This characteristic duality is typical for all spheres of life: political, economic, religious, art and architecture.

Mesopotamia is a civilization of the Ancient World that existed in the Middle East, in the valley of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.  Unlike the Nile, which flooded relatively predictably, the floods of the Tigris and Euphrates depended on precipitation and rising water levels in the mountain rivers flowing into them, making it very difficult to predict floods. For this reason, elevated places were chosen for construction or they were created artificially.

Ancient Greece was located in a fairly mountainous area. The mountains divide it into small plains, where the main cities are formed. This area was determined by high seismicity. Greece is also an island country, washed on all sides by the sea, which facilitated trade and shipping. The coastline is heavily indented. The sea is the main communication.

Italy in its geological structure differs significantly from Greece, where the main and almost the only building material was marble. In Italy, in addition to marble, other different types of stone, as well as brick and terracotta, were widely used even for the construction of the most important structures. In Rome, the following materials were at hand: travertine - hard limestone from Tivoli, tuff, which makes up most of the mountains surrounding Rome, piperina, which was mined in the Albanian mountains and pozzolana. All these materials, except the first, are of volcanic origin. The country also had an abundance of gravel and sand of extraordinary quality. Pozzolan is an earthy substance that occurs in thick layers around Rome. The Romans invented concrete, consisting of mortar, volcanic sand and rubble, which greatly contributed to the strength of Roman structures. Also, concrete can be given any shape. The walls of the latter were usually erected from concrete prepared with such a solution, and were revetted for decorative purposes with brick, stone, alabaster, porphyry or marbles. Although the character of Roman architecture, as it spread throughout the world known at that time, could not but be influenced by local building materials, nevertheless, concrete, in connection with brick or stone cladding, always remained the favorite material of the Romans, making it universal.

The Byzantine architects continued the traditions of Ancient Rome in the development of arched-vaulted structures, however, due to the lack of the necessary materials for preparing concrete, the concrete technique was not widespread. Brick and stone are the main materials of the empire's monumental buildings.

Organic architecture is a style in 20th-century architecture that emerged in the 1890s as an alternative to eclecticism and the historical style.

Expressionism is an architectural style that originated in Germany in the 1920s. It is characterized by the distortion of traditional architectural forms for maximum emotional impact on the viewer.

Structuralism, Structural Expressionism

This style reflects the architects' desire to bring back classical purity, as opposed to modernity. Neoclassicism was the dominant movement in European architecture in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.

Brutalism is an architectural style of post-war modernism that originated in Britain in the early 1950s and spread to the USSR, Canada, the USA, Japan, Bangladesh, Sweden and Norway.

International style is a movement in architecture based on the ideas of modernism.

A French architect, winner of the 2008 Pritzker Prize.

Swiss architect, Pritzker Prize laureate.

British architect, founder of David Chipperfield Architects (1985).

Hans Hollein (1934 - 2014) - Austrian architect, artist, designer, winner of the Pritzker Prize (1985), one of the leaders of European postmodernism, who proved himself as a master of a small unique form and expressive details. He considered architecture and art to be inseparable, and himself an artist. In its architecture features of neohistoricism, slick-tech, lendform architecture are visible. His style is very metaphorical. Considering architecture as a system of signs and a communication medium, he developed a collage and citation approach that would allow a new spirituality to emerge. In his work, there is a noticeable desire to return to the old-fashioned monumentality to release the magical, symbolic and poetic potential of archetypal forms.

American architect, known as the creator of "organic architecture".

Frank Gehry is an American architect, designer, a graduate of the University of Southern California, had an internship in urbanism courses at the Harvard School of Design. He opened his own design office in 1962. The forerunners of the architect, who had a greater influence on him, can be considered representatives of super-expressive symbolic expressionism - Mendelssohn, Gaudi, and Russian constructivism. The sculptural form of Gehry's works is expressive outside and inside. Gehry continues the plastic and coloristic traditions of Art Nouveau, however, of course, already at a new level of technological capabilities.

Philip Johnson was an American architect, founder and leading representative of the "international style" in mid-twentieth century American architecture. The Founding Father of American Postmodernism. Laureate of the first Pritzker Prize (1979).

Toyo Ito is the "third generation master" of Japanese architecture.

Santiago Calatrava Waltz - Spanish-Swiss architect, representative of the organi-tech.

Renzo Piano (1937) - internationally recognized Italian architect, representative and one of the founders of the high-tech style, worked in the field of environmental architecture, winner of the Pritzker Prize (1998). Renzo Piano's style is characterized by a delicate and sophisticated approach to construction, a redefinition of stereotypes of how modern public spaces should look, sensitivity to the environment, attention to user experience and futuristic design, reflected in the structures of museums and other buildings around the world. Its interiors and consolidation of space have made Piano one of the most sought after architects of the 21st century.

Modern English architect, one of the most famous architects of hi-tech, slick-tech, ecological architecture, Pritzker Prize laureate (1999). In his projects, he uses open aesthetic spatial structures, large planes of glass and metal, versatility of free spaces and exquisite detailing of facades and interior decoration. Norman Foster's buildings are environmentally friendly, but at the same time pleasant to contemplate. His projects make full use of the latest technologies, both in search of high energy efficiency and excellent integration with the environment. The facilities are comfortable and have a user-friendly atmosphere; they are easy to use and have a well-developed infrastructure.

Remment Koolhaas (1944) was a famous Dutch architect, architectural theorist, winner of the Pritzker Prize (2000), a representative of the neo-constructivist movement in European deconstructivism. Starting from the formal techniques and aesthetics of modernism, he proposed radical transformations of modernist models, developing the principle of Le Corbusier's spatial framework in large-scale projects, since he believed that architecture should correspond to the current cultural situation. He dealt with the problems of urban planning, the problems of the modern city, the development of cities, developed the urban theory of dissonance.

Kenzō Tange (1913 - 2005) was a Japanese architect who was one of the leaders of the generation of "new architects". Kenzo Tange's work is deeply national, but the significance of his work is not limited to the national framework. Its architectural concept is based on the idea of total renewal of life by architecture. It is concerned with the importance of architecture as a means of organizing communication between people.

Oscar Niemeyer (1907-2012) was an outstanding Brazilian architect, one of the key figures in the development of modern architecture. He built the new capital of the country - Brasilia - from reinforced concrete using the most interesting various forms of structures in the objects. Niemeyer's architecture is very plastic - a kind of free-form sculpture. In his projects, the architect always strived for picturesque and plastic compositions, considering one of the main shortcomings of modern architecture, in particular European, its geometricity, insufficient reflection and insufficient use of specific landscape conditions.

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (1886 - 1969) was an American architect of German descent, one of the founders of the "international style", which is characterized by the use of regular geometric shapes. His work has had a noticeable impact on subsequent generations of architects.

Richard Neutra (1892-1970) was an American architect of Austrian descent, one of the most influential architects of the twentieth century. Richard Neutra was instrumental in the rise of modernism in Southern California and around the world. His influence on post-war architecture is undeniable.

Alvar Aalto (1898 - 1976) was an outstanding Finnish architect, one of the founders of "architectural modernism" and Scandinavian design, belongs to the category of humanist architects who accepted new technology and were actively interested in the problems of mass production, but prevented technology from getting between man and his natural needs.

Adolf Loos (1870-1933) was an Austrian architect, architectural theorist, one of the most influential European architects of the late 19th century, and is often known for his literary discourse that foreshadowed the foundations of the entire modernism. His architectural influence is mainly limited to major works in contemporary Austria and the Czech Republic.

An outstanding Chinese architect. His architecture reflects the desire to develop the theme of geometric expressionism, to boldly operate with hypertrophied large-scale stereometric volumes; he was looking for absolutes of meaningful form in the outlines of elementary geometric bodies. Ieoh Ming Pei, known for his deep understanding of the time, purpose and place of each of his creations, was interested in how a building will affect the life of the community that uses it. His quest sparked new design movements towards ergonomic design, sustainable living and construction.

Stephen Hall is an American architect and watercolorist. One of the representatives of Postmodernism in architecture. He is known primarily as the author of the building of the Kiasma Museum of Contemporary Art in Finland.

Zaha Hadid (1950 - 2016) was an Iraqi and British architect, representative of deconstructivism, bio-tech, leader of hypersurface design, winner of the Pritzker Prize (2004). Hadid was one of the renowned architects who contributed to the concept of architectural form and space from a new, innovative and futuristic perspective.

Swiss architects, grouped in 1997, Pritzker Prize winners (2001). In their approach to architecture, they have always been characterized by an ascetic variant of minimalism, an original combination of great formal ingenuity and subtle references to architectural archetypes, especially from Central European architecture; and meticulous, almost manic attention to detail, materials and textures.

Walter Gropius was the most respected architect in Germany, whose work covers not only urban planning, housing, industrial construction, and the construction of educational institutions. Gropius taught an entire generation of American architects.

Charles-Edouard Jeanneret-Gris, better known as Le Corbusier, was a French architect, the pioneer of architectural modernism and functionalism, a representative of international architecture, an artist and a designer. He was one of the founders of Purism.Jeanneret created his first architectural project at the age of 17, under the guidance of a professional architect. It was a house for engraver Louis Fallet. As soon as the construction was completed, Jeanneret made his first educational trip to Italy and Austria-Hungary. In Italy, Austria and France he created a few new projects for local buildings. “I prefer drawing to talking. Drawing is faster, and leaves less room for lies,” he said.