Abstract expressionism

Frank Stella is an American artist, the main representative of Minimalism, known for his paintings of a non-standard format and large-scale compositions that combine the features of painting, sculpture and architecture.

Cy Twombly (his real name was Edwin Parker Twombly) was an American painter and sculptor, one of the most incomprehensible artists, whose paintings cause constant debate and discussion in the art world. Most of his works are white canvases, covered with multi-coloured scribbles, lines and chaotic spots. The artist often uses various inscriptions in his works, making them look like urban elemental art of graffiti. Moreover, the name and meaning of the works are referred to ancient myths, classical paintings and cultures of various nationalities.

Barnett Newman was an American painter, lithographer and sculptor of Jewish origin, a prominent representative of Abstract Expressionism and Colour Field painting. In the history of fine art, the master is called the model of high modernism, the forerunner of minimalism, an existentialist and spiritual artist, drawing inspiration from Jewish mysticism.

One of the first American abstract artists, Clyfford Still was the central figure of the New York School of Abstract Expressionism. The style at the origins of which he stood became the leading art movement in the United States, from the 1940s to the 1960s, until it was supplanted by Pop art and Minimalism that were more positive, understandable to the masses.

Kenneth Noland was an American artist, a bright representative of Colour field painting. He created an alternative to abstract expressionism and action painting, practising strict abstraction, the absence of an object and a subject in art, bright colours evenly applied to the surface of the canvas. Following American artist Helen Frankenthaler, Kenneth Noland began to use acrylic paints, which made it possible to create a thin and saturated coating, eliminating the appearance of random spots and smudges on the canvas surface.

A German artist, one of the most famous and expensive contemporary painters. Gerhard Richter showed his talent in several styles of fine art. His photorealistic portraits with blurry contours are exhibited at the most famous museums in the world, and abstract canvases are sold at auctions for a lot of money.Starting his career in East Germany, the artist worked in a realistic style; however, having become acquainted with the works of contemporary artists Jackson Pollock and Andy Warhol, he sharply changed his painting towards avant-garde art. A few months before the fall of the Berlin Wall, he fled to West Berlin, where he started to search for his place in art. Based on photographs and products of popular culture, Richter created a vivid style, which included both realistic and completely abstract expression.In addition to painting, Gerhard Richter is known as the author of several major design projects. In 2007, he created the famous "Pixel Stained Glass" in Cologne Cathedral, which got the most controversial reviews. Instead of traditional biblical scenes, the artist created an impressive mosaic of multi-coloured glass, which consists of 11 thousand 250 coloured squares of eighty shades. It is interesting that the artist performed the work as a gift to the cathedral, without taking a dime for his painstaking labour.

An American artist and theorist, the central figure of the avant-garde of the 60s, the discoverer of the happening - a form of art in which the primary attention is paid to the process of creation. Allan Kaprow appreciated the moment of action in painting, putting it above the result.The fleeting, often quick and spontaneous actions of Kaprow erase the line between art and everyday life and immerse participants in the work, involving them in the creative process and destroying the notorious “fourth wall” between the work and the audience.In his theoretical writings, Allan Kaprow said that after the discoveries of Jackson Pollock and other Abstract Expressionists, painting could no longer exist in its original form. It must go beyond the canvas and move into everyday life.The master called himself “non-artist” and his works “anti-paintings”. “Life is much more interesting than art”, said Kaprow and created events outside galleries and museums: in courtyards, apartments, streets, squares and parking lots. Sometimes his works are even absurd - such as building houses from ice under the scorching California sun; they change the very perception of art and turn everyday life processes into creative acts.The principles of the creation of happening, which Allan Kaprow outlined in his work “How to Make a Happening”, were enthusiastically accepted by many post-war artists who tried to take a fresh look at modern creative methods. Thanks to the discoveries of the American innovator, such styles as installation, performance and conceptual art were further developed.

An American sculptor and designer of Japanese descent. Isamu Noguchi was one of the most prominent and famous sculptors of the twentieth century in the United States. Throughout his life, he was engaged in art experiments, created original sculptures, design of furniture and ceramics, architectural and landscape projects. His extraordinary and bold style combined traditional and avant-garde elements, setting a new standard for contemporary art.Noguchi did not lose touch with his historical homeland and spent a lot of time in Japan, opened a studio there. The artist regularly traveled around the world. The harmony of Japanese gardens and ceramics, the subtlety and grace of Chinese calligraphy, the gracefulness of Italian marble sculptures, the monumentality and brilliant simplicity of the art of the Indians of ancient America were reflected in his work.The sculptor's work was widely appreciated in the United States in 1938 after he created a large sculpture symbolizing freedom of the press for the Associated Press building in New York. This work was the first of many public facilities installed in various cities around the world. The works of Isamu Noguchi, from children's playgrounds, city squares and squares to complete garden complexes, reflects his faith in the social significance of sculpture, which makes art accessible to everyone.

A famous American artist and sculptor, whose works adorn squares of the cities of the USA, Europe and Latin America. A son and grandson of sculptors, Alexander Calder, was educated as an engineer and applied his knowledge in the field of sculpture, which allowed him to create a completely original, innovative approach to this kind of art.Calder became known worldwide as the inventor of "wire sculpture". Having abandoned the traditional heavy materials - clay, gypsum and bronze, he created airy designs in which the shape of the object is depicted very simplistically and schematically. His wire figurines resemble a pencil drawing in space and amaze you with their laconicism and elegance of execution.Another invention of the sculptor is the so-called "mobiles" – those are dynamic constructions that are driven by the force of the wind, the laws of gravity and in some cases by an electric motor. These works are completely abstract and small in size, in contrast to the more stable and monumental "stables" of the sculptor, which perfectly complement the urban landscape. One of the most famous and large-scale creations of Alexander Calder is his work "Man", located in the center of Montreal.

A Spanish (Catalan) painter and sculptor, whose work had a huge impact on the entire generation of modern artists. Joan Miro's paintings are the earliest surrealistic works. They served as the basis for the further formation and development of the style that is extremely popular to this day.Joan Miro tried his hand in various modernist and avant-garde styles of European painting, but never stopped on one of them completely, constantly improving and enriching his artistic method, experimenting with different painting techniques and methods. The result of these experiments was his painting style based on surrealism. This is what allowed the artist to rethink the basic principles of fine art in accordance with his original vision of the surrounding reality.The unique world of Joan Miró is full of unique images and symbols. They are presented in the form of pure plastic signs located in an empty space; they are not completely abstract but rather resemble naive art or drawings of children. Miro’s paintings consist of geometric, right or wrong figures, a dance of twisting lines and small details that have mystical meaning and create an indescribable atmosphere of each work.

The most famous Chilean artist, sculptor and architect, the leader of Latin American modernist art. Roberto Matta worked in the style of surrealism and was a close friend and associate of Salvador Dali, with whom they were united by the idea of ​​unconscious painting and a free flow of creativity without the intervention of intelligence or any system.The artist’s art is truly international. Born in Chile and living in almost all the capitals of Europe, as well as in the USA, Matta combined a wide variety of art styles in his work. He was never limited to one style, manner and materials, being an innovative artist, not tired of doing experiments. His unique style had a significant impact on the development of such a popular art movement as Abstract Expressionism.The most famous among the artist’s paintings are his surrealistic canvases from the Psychological Morphology series, which demonstrate an artificial reality filled with metaphors and symbolic figures. In the 1940s, Matta was distracted from studying subconscious and turning to social topics. In a series of works entitled Social Morphologies, he depicted complex mechanical objects and distorted human forms, symbolizing the injustices and horrors of the war.

James Rosenquist was an American artist, the central figure of pop art, famous for his huge collage paintings depicting popular objects of American culture. He was one of the first to include advertising images in his works. Consumer goods, well-known personalities and trademarks were permanent attributes of the artist's painting - he boldly combined all of them in his works of impressive size and bright colours.In his youth, James Rosenquist worked at an advertising agency and created the design of large billboards, which helped him develop his original style and recognizable style. For a modern viewer used to the fact that anything can be on the picture, it is not surprising that the canvas shows spaghetti in sauce or a bottle of Coca-Cola next to the portrait of the president. However, for the society of the 1960s, this was a real discovery and even a shock; therefore, the artist's works attracted the close attention of the public. One of them, called “F-111”, became truly iconic, “new Guernica”, which very accurately depicted American reality with growing consumer demand and frightening military power.The art of James Rosenquist was popular almost from the very beginning of his career. Using his influence, he stood up to protect his colleagues and helped achieve recognition of the rights of artists at the federal level, after which he was appointed to the National Council for the Arts of the United States. For six decades, Rosenquist created large-scale provocative paintings that rose economic, political, environmental and scientific problems, the relevance of which did not decline over time.

Arshile Gorky (his real name was Vostanik Manoug Adoian) was an American artist of Armenian descent, an outstanding artist of the USA of the twentieth century. He was a vivid representative of Surrealism and one of the founders of Abstract Expressionism, a movement that affirmed the independence and uniqueness of American fine art in the world.Vostanik Manoug Adoian decided to change his name after immigrating to the United States, where he began a completely new life, leaving behind extreme poverty and deprivation. The greatest shock for the artist was the demise of his mother, who died of hunger in his arms in 1919. The influence of this event is noticeable in many works of the artist, especially in the portraits of his mother, the variations of which he created throughout his career.The life of Arshile Gorky, which ended in suicide, was full of tragedy, and his personality is surrounded by a halo of mystery and secrets. The artist himself preferred to distort the facts of his biography, creating various myths about his origin, childhood and student years. These incredible inventions, however, could not overshadow his outstanding achievements in painting. The work of Arshile Gorky is a unique phenomenon that is difficult to characterize as a manifestation of one of the existing styles. It is a transitional stage between classical painting and avant-garde and had a significant impact on the development of modern painting in the United States.

An American artist and sculptor, a significant figure of modern painting and sculpture, one of the most commercially successful artists of the 20th century. Jasper Johns expressed the idea that art can be understood and close to each person, and not just for particular connoisseurs.Having abandoned the principles of Abstract Expressionism, misty and distant from people, he used generally known things, symbols of a certain phenomenon, ideas or just everyday habits in his paintings. His most famous picture of this style is “The American flag” – a recognizable and familiar to everyone national symbol, which the artist turned into a colourful painting.The name of Jasper Johns is often remembered together with another painter, his close friend and colleague Robert Rauschenberg. After Johns met him, his style significantly changed, and his ideas were realized in original and truly innovative works.The artist’s use of simple objects, for example, beer cans, which he made as a work of art, makes his work related to a conceptual approach to fine art. With his creations, the artist deliberately violated the boundaries between art and everyday life; this marked the beginning of the pop art movement that was extremely popular in the USA in the second half of the 20th century.The artist currently lives in Connecticut and is considered the most expensive of the living painters.

An Austrian Surrealist painter, art theorist, sculptor and poet, author of several philosophical works, who worked in Mexico and the USA.Wolfgang Paalen came from a wealthy German-Austrian family; his childhood passed in an old castle, purchased and restored by his father. The atmosphere of the Middle Ages reigned there; ancient legends and legends of local people significantly impacted the formation of the personality of the future artist.Paalen was a member of the group of abstract artists "Abstraction-Creation", and later became one of the prominent figures of the surrealist movement, acting as an organizer and designer of their exhibitions, both in Europe and in the USA. At the invitation of Frida Kahlo, he moved to Mexico, where he founded his surreal art magazine DYN, which had a great influence on the avant-garde art of the country.In his work, Wolfgang Paalen sought to combine abstract art with an appeal to the subconscious and symbolic elements. He developed his model of surrealistic expression, presented in the form of a mysterious, otherworldly landscape permeated with mysticism and saturated with mysterious images of cosmic origin.Abstract paintings of the artist and his theoretical articles had a great influence on the development of Abstract Expressionism, which became the major art movement in the USA in the second half of the XXth century.

An outstanding German painter, the founder of Expressionism.Born into the family of professional landscape painter Wilhelm Marc. His mother, a strict Calvinist, was from the French Switzerland - it was her, rather severe upbringing that made the boy serious and thoughtful.The Expressionist movement became so famous because of its interest in the spirituality of the Symbolists, and also due to the harmonious combination of Primitivism, Fauvism and the vector into the flourishing abstraction. Franz Mark included all these styles in his painting style, adding love to theology and to the animal world. To create an alternative, more spiritual vision of the world, he depicted it through the view of animals that emphasized those aspects of modernity that he considered unfavorable. It is also important that his later works moved into almost pure abstraction.He was an active participant and the main organizer of the Munich Artistic Union of artists-innovators "Blue Horseman", created the almanac of the same name. A number of world avant-garde movements of the 20th century considered the work of this artist, who died on the fronts of the First World War, their predecessor. The museum of Franz Marc works in the Bavarian Kochel am See.

A Swiss and German painter, graphic artist, art theorist, one of the biggest figures of the European avant-garde.Paul, the son of a German father and a Swiss mother, was born on December 18 near Bern in Münchenbuchze. Both of his parents were musicians: his father taught music at a college, while his mother was a professional singer. From the age of seven, the boy played the violin, and other hobbies were drawing and writing poems. Despite the family's desire that his son builds a musical career, he decided to achieve success in the fine arts, where he could "create, and not just perform."A citizen of Germany, P. Klee was born, spent much of his life and died in Switzerland. He was an active member of Blue Horseman group, he taught at Bauhaus - an influential school of architecture and industrial design, at the Dusseldorf Academy of Arts. Pictures came to the exhibition of "degenerate" art. The influence of the creativity of Paul Klee extends to many styles of the 20th century: Surrealism and Minimalism, geometric Abstract art and Abstract expressionism. The Center of P. Klee was opened in Bern.

A French sculptor, painter and graphic artist who worked in the USA. Famous as one of the great sculptors of the 20th century, Louise Bourgeois lived an incredibly long creative life. Her career spans almost a century, and her work reflects almost all the major art movements of this period: Cubism, Futurism, Surrealism, Constructivism and Abstract art.Despite the influence of various artistic movements and styles, sculptures by Bourgeois were always unique creations of modern sculpture. Based on early, predominantly sad childhood memories, they affect the deepest human feelings, always hitting the target directly. Huge steel spiders, strange objects in the cages and close attention to the relationship between the sexes cause strong emotions and genuine public interest in the extraordinary work of the artist.Louise Bourgeois was one of the first to use Environmental art in her art; it involves the presence of sculptural compositions in the everyday environment of a human being. Unlike traditional statues standing on high pedestals, these statues were placed close to people, becoming a part of their life. In addition, Bourgeois played an important role in the formation of the feminist movement and had a strong influence on the development of the art of installation and performance.

An American painter and a major figure in the Abstract expressionist movement. Paul Jackson Pollock had a significant impact on the art of the second half of the XX century and was well known for his unique style of drip painting.From an early age, Jackson admired mysticism, especially the philosophy of Indian writer Jiddu Krishnamurti. His idea that the truth reveals itself to people only intuitively appealed to Pollock.

Spanish painter, graphic artist, sculptor, director and writer. One of the most famous figures in Surrealism, and author of “The Persistence of Memory”, one of the most famous paintings of the 20th century.Dalí started painting at the age of four. He created his first serious work at the age of ten. It was a small impressionistic landscape, painted on a wooden board with oil paints. Henceforth, Dali spent whole days sitting in a small, specially allocated room and painting pictures. “I wanted to be given the laundry under the roof of our house. I got it and made it my own workshop, decorating it in the way I preferred,” he remembered later. Moreover, he liked to analyze the works of famous artists. He wrote and published essays about the works of Velazquez, Goya, El Greco, Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci.

Russian painter, writer and art theorist, one of the founders of Abstract art.Kandinsky received a basic musical and art education in Odessa, Ukraine. After that, he studied law and economics in Russia. He had been interested in painting since childhood. “Every color has its mysterious life,” he said. However, only at the age of 30 did Kandinsky seriously decide to become an artist.

Henri-Émile-Benoît Matisse was a French artist, draughtsman, printmaker, and sculptor. He was the leader of the Fauvism movement and is known for both his use of color and his fluid and original draughtsmanship. Apart from Fauvism, he worked in other genres such as Impressionism, Post-Impressionism and Cubism.

The main representative of Abstract Expressionism, one of the creators of The color field painting. A prominent figure among the New York School painters, Mark Rothko moved through many artistic styles until he invented his own style.

Cable car station in Innsbruck, Austria. Built in 2005. Located on the Hafelerkar mountain with a height of 2300 m.

The picture from the series “Imaginary Places” was created by Frank Stella based on the book “Dictionary of Imaginary Places” by Alberto Manguel and Gianni Guadalupi. The source was compiled in the form of a guide, but the paintings of the series are not just illustrations for this guide since these compositions are composed, in particular, from the artist’s earlier works.

This work made in several different techniques is distinguished by its large size and elongated form of the base. Researchers of the artist’s creations found seven different artistic methods and sixty-one colour in the work.

Having received a book with photographs “Wooden Synagogues” as a gift from a friend, Stella got inspired by the geometric beauty and original simplicity of these buildings. He created a series of collages, wooden and paper reliefs, which he called the "Polish Village".

Unlike Stella's early monochrome works, the one is distinguished by bright rainbow colours. Round shapes of multi-coloured stripes resembling targets are overlapped by no less bright squares.

In the late period of creativity, Twombly returned to his graphic experiments, covering the canvas with rhythmically repeating scribbles, similar to how someone paints with a ballpoint pen.

In Twombly’s work, completely abstract compositions gradually turn into recognizable objects, such as Peonies. The artist was inspired by Japanese art and poetry, in which he became interested in the early 2000s.

The Battle of Lepanto is a historical event that occurred on October 7, 1571, near the coast of Greece. It was a major naval battle in which the crucial confrontation of several European countries and the Ottoman Empire was going on.

The theme of the picture, which is included in a cycle of ten works, was the story of Egyptian pharaoh Sesostris mentioned in the writings of Herodotus. The work is made in the manner typical of Twombly - abstract coloured spots and lines are randomly arranged on a white background.

This is the second picture from the cycle "Seasons", which Twombly created following the example of the classical tradition. Working on the painting, the artist arranged it vertically and applied the paint by spraying, letting the liquid material flow down freely.

Unlike most of Twombly’s works, the painting “Summer Madness” does not refer to any historical or mythological sources. Its content is based on the artist’s simple impression of the summer abundance and riot of colours, which is directly reflected in the title.

Hero and Leander are the heroes of an ancient myth in which the lover of the beautiful priestess dies in the waves of the raging sea. Based on this myth, English Renaissance poet Christopher Marlowe wrote an erotic poem that inspired Twombly to create four paintings on this theme.

The repeating rhythmic pattern on the canvas is very similar to a blackboard, on which children practice calligraphy. However, unlike school exercises, the lines in the picture by Twombly are not converted into words or numbers but remain separately existing, not denoting the elements of the overall composition.

One of the nine paintings that make up the series dedicated to the assassination of ancient Roman emperor Commodus in 192 AD. It was created after the murder of Kennedy, and the white-red spots and splashes prevailing in it give reason to believe that it is a reaction to this event.

The painting was painted after the artist moved from America to Rome and reflected his interest in antiquity and ancient culture. It is based on the old Roman myth about how Jupiter, turning into a swan, seduced the beautiful Leda.

Barnett Newman created this abstract picture in the style of Colour Field painting as a special work for the American pavilion Expo 67. The exhibition was held in Montreal in honor of the anniversary of Canada.

The work is a vivid example of colour emancipation. It does not represent anything - only expresses itself as the subject of painting. This cycle consists of four large-scale paintings, interconnected by primary colours.

Of the several sculptures created by Newman, this one is the most monumental. The author used heavy steel with a rough surface, and this material contrasts with the impression of lightness created by the shape of an inverted obelisk.

In the early 1960s, in parallel with the creation of many cycles of paintings, Newman also worked on etchings and lithographs. Among them is the series “Cantos”, which has 18 works. This is the only series of printed works made in colour.

The Third Station is part of a grandiose Newman’s series of fourteen parts. The name refers to the cry of Christ on the cross, but the author also intended to express the cries of all mankind throughout the tragic history of its existence. The series is characterized by a contrasting palette of black and white on unpainted canvases.

The huge - more than two meters in height - space of unmodulated red paint in this work absorbs the viewer and even somewhat disorientates. The local colour is interrupted by a single narrow and almost even purple stripe running along the entire length of the right edge.

This is a unique painting by Newman due to its unusual size. Tall and very narrow, it was perceived as a contrast to the canvas “Vir heroicus sublimis”.

This was Newman's largest painting at the time of its completion - more than two meters on the horizontal side of the canvas. Later, the artist created even more extensive works. The author wanted viewers to see this and other large paintings at close range so that the background colours surround them.

Newman saw a breakthrough in his career in this work. This is the first canvas that embodies what the artist later called the "zipper", referring to the vertical strip in the composition.

The work was created at a vital moment in Newman's career. The artist destroyed all the works he completed before 1944, as he "first created his concept and developed his style". On the vertical rectangular canvas, the author placed a pale yellow vertical strip of paint.

In the late period of his career, after moving to a remote rural area in Maryland, Still somewhat changed the style of his paintings. Those were still large abstract works, only their colour palette became brighter, and the structure was more loose and uneven.

In the work, the artist used red-brown, black and blue colours that resemble the landscapes of North Dakota, where the artist spent his childhood. The horizontally oriented composition only enhances this feeling, revealing an infinitely wide horizon with randomly heaped rocks that almost cover the sky.

One of the largest, famous and expensive works of the artist; its cost is estimated by experts at around 30 million dollars.

In the mid-1950s, Clyfford Still started creating vertically-oriented pictures. The painting "1957-D-No.1", which is one of the most famous among the author's works, is based on the contrast of bright yellow and black colours, with black colour prevailing in the composition, creating a feeling of emptiness and a dark abyss.

This painting is part of a series of three works made in the same colours and having an almost identical composition. Clyfford Still almost always created series, trying to formulate and express what he conceived in his works as accurately as possible.

The work is an excellent example of the mature style of the artist. It completely lacks objects and recognizable forms, and the essence of the work is an unevenly distributed bright colour, flickering like a flame of fire or an electric charge.

One of the first works in which real, recognizable objects are absent, and the surface is covered with solid colours using a palette knife. The picture has no name, like all abstract works of Clyfford Still.

The work is the artist’s transitional stage from figurative painting to full abstraction and represents a large figure on a vertically stretched canvas. The very dark, almost black work creates a gloomy mood.

The work depicting the houses of the Indians was created at Colville Reservation, where Clyfford Still and his associates founded a colony of artists in 1937.

A reddish-brown human hand and face are depicted against the backdrop of a desolate landscape. The objects floating in the air indicate Still's fascination with Surrealism, as evidenced by the mysterious and deserted atmosphere characteristic of this art movement.

Oil on canvas, enamel.Kenneth Noland's early work attests to his fascination with abstract expressionism. The muffled colour palette, spontaneous strokes and streaks of paint suggest that the artist created the image based on his emotions and intuitive actions.

Mediums: oil, canvas. Location: private collection.

Location: the Diana Lowenstein Gallery (Miami, Florida, the USA).

Mediums: oil, canvas. Location: private collection.

Mediums: oil, canvas. Location: private collection.

Mediums: lithography. Location: The Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, Texas, the USA.

Mediums: oil, canvas, sand, pencil, coal. Location: The Museum of Modern Art, New York (the USA).

Mediums: oil, canvas. Dimensions: 60.9×50.8 сm. Location: private collection.

Mediums: oil, canvas. Dimensions: 393,7 x 237,5 сm. Location: Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo, NY, US.

Mediums: enamel, glass, canvas. Dimensions: 212,1 x 488,2 сm. Location: National Gallery of Australia, Canberra.

Mediums: oil, canvas. Dimensions: 244 x 183 сm. Location: Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art, Tehran.

Mediums: enamel paint, canvas. Location: Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

Mediums: oil, fiberboard. Dimensions: 243,8 x 121,9 сm. Location: private collection, New York.

Mediums: oil, gouache, gypsum, canvas. Dimensions: 106,4 x 170,2 сm. Location: Guggenheim Museum, New York.

Medium: oil on Canvas. Location: National Gallery of Art, Washington, USA.

Medium: oil, acrylic on canvas. Size: 233,7 x 200,3 cm. Location: Daugavpils Mark Rothko art centre, Daugavpils , Latvia.

Medium: acrylic on canvas. Location: A private collection.

Medium: oil, acrylic, tempera on canvas. Location: Tate Modern, London, GB.

Medium: oil on canvas/ Location: Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, USA.

medium: oil on canvas. size: 115 x 92 cm. Location: Museum of Contemporary Art (MOCA), Los Angeles, CA, US

Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, USA.Oil on canvas.Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, USA.Oil on canvas.